Veal
| Reference | Product | Type of Meat | Microorganism Tested | Process / Intervention | Pathogen Effect | Operational Parameters | Critical Operational Parameters | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hasty, J. D., J. A. Henson, G. R. Acuff, D. E. Burson, J. B. Luchansky, N. J. Sevart, R. K. Phebus, A. C. S. Porto-Fett, and H. Thippareddi. 2018. Validation of a Sequential Hide-On Bob Veal Carcass Antimicrobial Intervention Composed of a Hot Water Wash and Lactic Acid Spray in Combination with Scalding To Control Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Surrogates. Journal of Food Protection. 81:762-768. doi:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-403 |
Hide on carcasses | Veal | E. coli O157:H7 Surrogates | (i) Scalding (ii) Hot water wash (iii) Lactic acid spray Combinations of the above also were evaluated. |
Bactericidal | (i) Scalding Time: 4 min Temperature: 60°C Concentration: NE Volume: NE Equipment Settings: Hog scald paddles were not used. Treatment was tested with and without dehairing chemicals (Nu Scald and Hard Scald from Birko Corp.) Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): n/a Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hide on veal carcasses (ii) Water wash Time: 1 minute Temperature: 82.2°C Concentration: NE Volume: NE Equipment Settings: hand-held hose Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spray Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hide on veal carcasses (iii) Lactic acid spray Time: NE Temperature: 25°C Concentration: 4.5% Volume: 652ml per carcass Equipment Settings: hand pump sprayer Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spray Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hide on veal carcasses |
(i) Scalding Time: 4 min Temperature: 60°C Equipment Settings: Hog scald paddles were not used. Treatment was tested with and without dehairing chemicals (Nu Scald and Hard Scald from Birko Corp.) (ii) Water wash Time: 1 minute Temperature: 82.2°C (iii) Lactic acid spray Temperature: 25°C Concentration: 4.5% Volume: 652ml per carcass |
Author's summary of findings: Spraying with 82.2C water as a final wash resulted in a 4.5-log CFU/100 cm2 surrogate reduction, and an additional 1.2-log CFU/100 cm2 reduction was achieved by spraying with 4.5% lactic acid before chilling. Scalding hide-on carcasses in 60C water (no chemicals added) resulted in a 2.1-log CFU/100 cm2 reduction in surrogate levels, and a subsequent preevisceration 82.2C water wash provided an additional 2.9-log CFU/100 cm2 reduction. Spraying a 4.5% solution of lactic acid onto scalded, hide-on carcasses (after the 82.2C water wash) resulted in a minimal additional reduction of 0.4 log CFU/100 cm2. Incorporation of scalding chemicals into the scald water resulted in a 4.1-log CFU/100 cm2 reduction (1.9 log CFU/100 cm2 greater than scalding without chemicals) in the surrogate population. |
| Wang, R., M. Koohmaraie, B. Luedtke, T. Wheeler, and J. Bosilevac. 2014. Effects of in-plant interventions on reduction of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and background indicator microorganisms on veal calf hides. J. Food Prot. 77(5):745-751 | Hides | Veal | Levels: Total aerobic bacteria Enterobacteriaceae Coliforms Escherichia coli (Generic) Prevalence: Salmonella spp. Escherichia coli O157:H7 non-O157 Escherichia coli EHEC |
(i) Water rinse + manual curry comb of the hide (ii) 200ppm of chlorine + a hot water rinse (iii) 5-min treatment of chlorine foam + 180-200ppm of acidified sodium chlorite |
Bactericidal | (i) Water Spray Time: NE Temperature: NE Concentration: NE Volume: NE Equipment Settings: 1 inch garden hose at a distance of approx. 1 m. Pressure Delivery: 12-15 lb/in2 (82.737 X 103 to 103.421 X 103 Pa) Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spay Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hide (antemortem) (ii) Manual Curry Comb Time: NE Temperature: NE Concentration: NE Volume: NE Equipment Settings: Curry Comb Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): NE Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hide (antemortem) (iii) Chlorine Spray Time: 5-10 min of dwell time Temperature: NE Concentration: 200 ppm Volume: NE Equipment Settings: Automated spray system at a distance of approx. 1-2 m. Pressure Delivery: 20 to 30 lb/in2 (137.895 X 103 to 206.843 X 103 Pa) Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spray Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hide (postmortem) (iv) Hot Water Rinse Time: 5 s Temperature: 24° C Concentration: NE Volume: NE Equipment Settings: Flow Thru scrub brush and squeegee Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spray rinse of the pattern line Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hide (postmortem) (v) Chlorine Foam Time: approx 5 min dwell time Temperature: NE Concentration: AFCO 5333 Power Foam prepared at 3oz/gal [85 g/3.785 liters] of water Volume: NE Equipment Settings: 2 gal. (7.57-liter) hand pump garden sprayer at a distance of approx. 1 m Pressure Delivery: 5 to 10 lb/in2 (34.474 X 103 to 68.948 X 103 Pa) Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spray Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hide (postmortem) (vi) Acidified Sodium Chlorite Rinse Time: approx NE Temperature: NE Concentration: 180-200ppm of acidified sodium chlorite Volume: NE Equipment Settings: distance of 1-2 m Pressure Delivery: 20 to 30 lb/ in2 (137.895 X 103 to 206.843 X 103 Pa) Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spray Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hide (postmortem) |
(i) Water Spray Equipment Settings: 1 inch garden hose at a distance of approx. 1 m. Pressure Delivery: 12-15 lb/in2 (82.737 X 103 to 103.421 X 103 Pa) (ii) Manual Curry Comb Equipment Settings: Curry Comb (iii) Chlorine Spray Time: 5-10 min of dwell time Concentration: 200 ppm Equipment Settings: Automated spray system at a distance of approx. 1-2 m. Pressure Delivery: 20 to 30 lb/in2 (137.895 X 103 to 206.843 X 103 Pa) (iv) Hot Water Rinse Time: 5 s Temperature: 24° C Equipment Settings: Flow Thru scrub brush and squeegee (v) Chlorine Foam Time: approx 5 min dwell time Concentration: AFCO 5333 Power Foam prepared at 3oz/gal [85 g/3.785 liters] of water Equipment Settings: 2 gal. (7.57-liter) hand pump garden sprayer at a distance of approx. 1 m Pressure Delivery: 5 to 10 lb/in2 (34.474 X 103 to 68.948 X 103 Pa) (vi) Acidified Sodium Chlorite Rinse Concentration: 180-200ppm of acidified sodium chlorite Equipment Settings: distance of 1-2 m Pressure Delivery: 20 to 30 lb/ in2 (137.895 X 103 to 206.843 X 103 Pa) |
Interventions A, B, and C reduced indicator organisms (P<0.05) by 0.8 to 3.5 log CFU, 2.1 to 2.7 log CFU, and 1.0 to 1.5 log CFU, respectively No Salmonella was detected on hides prior to intervention E. coli O157:H7 prevalence was observed at only one plant, so comparison was not possible Other non-O157 EHECs (O26, O103, and O111) were observed for all interventions studied. Interventions A and B reduced culture-confirmed non O157 EHEC by 29 and 21%, respectively, whereas intervention C did not reduce non-O157 EHEC. The most effective veal hide intervention for reducing indicator organisms and EHECs was the application of 200 ppm of chlorine followed by hot water rinse |
| Sevart, N., N. Baumann, H. Thippareddi, T. Houser, J. Luchansky, A. Porto-Fett, D. Marx, G. Acuff, and R. Phebus. 2016. Evaluating the Efficacy of Three U.S. Department of Agriculture–Approved Antimicrobial Sprays for Reducing Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Surrogate Populations on Bob Veal Carcasses. J. Food Prot. 79(6):956-962. |
Hot Carcass | Veal | rifampin-resistant, Escherichia coli surrogates | (i) Water Wash (ii) Warm Water Wash + Lactic Acid (iii) Warm Water Wash + Citrilow (mixture of citric acid and hydrochloric acid in water) (iv) Warm Water Wash + Beefxide (mixture of lactic acid and citric acids in water) (v) Chilling **Antimicrobial Interventions were applied pre-chill and then again post-chill |
Bactericidal | (i) Standard Water Spray Wash Time: 1 min wash, drip for 5 min pre-intervention Temperature: Approx. 50°C Concentration: NE Volume: NE Equipment Settings: handheld hose with spray nozzle (M-70 nozzle) Pressure Delivery: 70 lb/in2, 26.5 liter/min, narrow spray setting Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): wash Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hot carcass (ii)L-lactic Acid Time: Drip for 5 min Temperature: Approx. 20°C Concentration: 4.5%, pH 2.0 Volume: Approx 326 mL/carcass Equipment Settings: 11.4-liter poly pump sprayer (ie hand-pump garden sprayer) Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spray Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hot carcass then repeated after 24 h in -2°C cooler (iii) Citrilow Time: Drip for 5 min Temperature: Approx. 20°C Concentration: pH 1.2 Volume: 326 mL/carcass Equipment Settings: 11.4-liter poly pump sprayer (ie hand-pump garden sprayer) Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spray Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hot carcass then repeated after 24 h in -2°C cooler (iv) Beefxide Time: Drip for 5 min Temperature: Approx. 20°C Concentration: 2.25%, pH 2.3 Volume: 326 mL/carcass Equipment Settings: 11.4-liter poly pump sprayer (ie hand-pump garden sprayer) Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spray Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hot carcass then repeated after 24 h in -2°C cooler |
(i) Standard Water Spray Wash Time: 1 min wash, drip for 5 min pre-intervention Temperature: Approx. 50°C Equipment Settings: handheld hose with spray nozzle (M-70 nozzle) Pressure Delivery: 70 lb/in2, 26.5 liter/min, narrow spray setting (ii)L-lactic Acid Time: Drip for 5 min Temperature: Approx. 20°C Concentration: 4.5%, pH 2.0 Volume: Approx 326 mL/carcass Equipment Settings: 11.4-liter poly pump sprayer (ie hand-pump garden sprayer) (iii) Citrilow Time: Drip for 5 min Temperature: Approx. 20°C Concentration: pH 1.2 Volume: 326 mL/carcass Equipment Settings: 11.4-liter poly pump sprayer (ie hand-pump garden sprayer) (iv) Beefxide Time: Drip for 5 min Temperature: Approx. 20°C Concentration: 2.25%, pH 2.3 Volume: 326 mL/carcass Equipment Settings: 11.4-liter poly pump sprayer (ie hand-pump garden sprayer) |
All three antimicrobial sprays applied to prerigor carcasses delivered an additional ~0.5-log reduction (P ≤ 0.05) of the surrogates. Chilling of carcasses for 24 h reduced (P ≤ 0.05) the surrogate population by an additional ~0.4 log cycles. The postchill application of the antimicrobial sprays provided no further reductions. Generally, the types and concentrations of the antimicrobial sprays evaluated herein did not negatively impact visual or instrumental color of chilled veal carcasses. This study demonstrates that warm water washing, followed by a prechill spray treatment with a low-pH chemical intervention, can effectively reduce STEC risks associated with veal carcasses; |
| Smulders, F. and C. Woolthuis. 1983. Influence of Two Levels of Hygiene on the Microbiological Condition of Veal as a Product of Two Slaughtering/Processing Sequences. J. Food Prot. 46(12):1032-1035 | Hot boned cuts | Veal | Aerobic Plate Counts (APC) Enterobacteriaceae Salmonella spp. |
(i) Strictly Hygienic (ii) Hygienic (iii) L-Lactic Acid |
Bactericidal | (i) Strictly Hygienic a. Surgical Gloves b. Disinfected Knives with 70% ethanol and subsequent flaming after each incision (ii) Hygienic a. No Gloves b. Visually clean knife when starting the excision (iii) L-Lactic Acid Time: NE Temperature: NE Concentration: 1% v/v prepared from an 80% L-Lactic acid stock solution Volume: NE Equipment Settings: NE Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): spray Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hot boned cuts |
(i) Strictly Hygienic a. Surgical Gloves b. Disinfected Knives with 70% ethanol and subsequent flaming after each incision (ii) Hygienic a. No Gloves b. Visually clean knife when starting the excision (iii) L-Lactic Acid Concentration: 1% v/v prepared from an 80% L-Lactic acid stock solution |
The effect of "strictly hygienic" practices in both alternative and conventional slaughtering/processing procedure is evident: samplings immediately after hot boning and cold boning revealed counts 0.5 and 1.0 log units lower (p<.025 and p<.001), respectively, than "hygienic" practices. Lactic acid did not appear to affect counts at 7 d post mortem in comparison to counts resulting from "hygienic" practices only. At 14 d post mortem the decontaminating effect of lactic acid became manifest. |
| Penney, N., T. Bigwood, H. Barea, D. Pulford, G. LeRoux, R. Cook, G. Jarvis, and G. Brightwell. 2007. Efficacy of a peroxyacetic acid formulation as an antimicrobial intervention to reduce levels of inoculated Escherichia coli O157 : H7 on external carcass surfaces of hot-boned beef and veal. J. Food Prot. 70(1): 200-203. | Hot Carcass | Veal | Escherichia coli O157:H7 | (i) Water Wash (ii) Peroxyacetic acid (POAA) wash (ii) Water + POAA wash |
Bactericidal | (i) Water Wash Time: 5s Temperature: Approx 20°C Concentration: potable water Volume: NE Equipment Settings: NE Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): wash Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hot cx (ii) Peroxyacetic acid (POAA) Spray (Inspexx 200) Time: 5s Temperature: Approx 20°C Concentration: 180ppm total peroxyacids Volume: NE Equipment Settings: 3 fan spray nozzles 28 cm apart, able to rotated, 30 cm away from product Pressure Delivery: Wilden pump with a pulse dampener was set to deliver the Inspexx 200 with an even pressure of 6 bar at the nozzle sprayer Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): sprayed Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hot carcass |
(i) Water Wash Time: 5s Temperature: Approx 20°C Concentration: potable water Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): wash Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hot cx (ii) Peroxyacetic acid (POAA) Spray (Inspexx 200) Time: 5s Temperature: Approx 20°C Concentration: 180ppm total peroxyacids Equipment Settings: 3 fan spray nozzles 28 cm apart, able to rotated, 30 cm away from product Pressure Delivery: Wilden pump with a pulse dampener was set to deliver the Inspexx 200 with an even pressure of 6 bar at the nozzle sprayer |
A water wash alone resulted in a 1.25 (94.4%) mean log reduction on veal inoculated with a high dose of E. coli O157:H7. The POAA treatment resulted in a substantially greater mean log reduction of 3.56 ( 99.9%) on veal inoculated with a high dose of E. coli O157:H7. The water wash only resulted in a 33.9% reduction on veal inoculated with a low dose of E. coli O157:H7, whereas POAA treatment greatly improved pathogen reduction to 98.9 on veal. The combination of a water wash followed by a POAA treatment resulted in a similar E. coli O157:H7 reduction to that achieved by POAA treatment alone. |
| Houser, B., M. Soehnlen, D. Wolfgang, H. Lysczek, C. Burns, and B. Jayarao. 2012. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile Toxin Genes in the Feces of Veal Calves and Incidence of Ground Veal Contamination. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 9(1): 32-36. | Hot Carcass and Ground Veal | Veal | Toxigenic Clostridium difficile | Citric Acid (2.25%) Wash | Bactericidal | (i) Citric Acid Wash Time: NE Temperature: NE Concentration: 2.25% Volume: NE Equipment Settings: NE Pressure Delivery: NE Treatment Application Type (spray/wash): wash Point of Application (hot cx, cold cx, subprimal, trim): hot carcass |
(i) Citric Acid Wash Concentration: 2.25% |
We observed a very low prevalence of C. difficile toxin genes in pre-wash carcass swabs collected at the abattoir. No toxin genes were detected on post-citric acid wash carcass swabs. Toxin genes of C. difficile were detected by multiplex real-time PCR in 4 out of 50 (8%) ground veal samples that originated from the veal processor that participated in the study. These results suggest that either carcass washing does not completely eliminate TXCD contamination or TXCD contamination occurs during processing sometime after the carcass wash |
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